Internet Gaming Disorder: Theory, Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention is an informative and practical introduction to the topics of Internet gaming disorder and problematic gaming. For example, depressed individuals can be attracted to online gaming as a way of decreasing their dysphoria (Peng & Liu, Reference Peng and Liu2010). All but one of the six reviews that included these studies reported these as positive associations. Gaming disorder includes symptoms related to substance use disorder, such as loss of control (that continues despite negative consequences), functional impairment, distress, and/or interference with daily activities. Formal analysis, This data will be updated every 24 hours. Reviews were classified as reliable according to several quality criteria, such as whether they conducted a risk of bias assessment of studies and whether they clearly described how outcomes from each study were selected. "metrics": true, Gaming disorder has become a significant issue in mental healthcare. Some Esports are âcompetitive (pro and amateur) video gaming that is often coordinated by different leagues, ladders, and tournaments, and where players customarily belong to teams or other âsportingâ organizations who are sponsored by various business organizationsâ (Hamari & Sjöblom, Reference Hamari and Sjöblom2017). Mark D. Griffiths (MDG)âs university received funding from Norsk Tipping (the gambling operator owned by the Norwegian Government) for this research. All but one of the three reviews that incorporated these studies reported these associations as positive. We developed and pilot tested a data extraction form using Microsoft Excel®, based on the form developed by Mayo-Wilson et al. Many recent commentaries on the need for a diagnosis of gaming disorder use terms like “Internet addiction or Gaming disorder” [6], “Internet-related disorders including gaming disorder” [4], and “Internet addiction including gaming addiction” [5], pointing to the persistent overlap in measurement of these problematic behaviors. "lang": "en" One source of meta-bias can potentially occur when a given study included in a review reports results for a given relevant outcome in multiple ways, and the reviewer must make a choice among these to determine which result(s) to extract for the review [13,14]. "isLogged": "0", Griffiths, Mark D Mobile games are now the largest growing gaming market and represent the largest share of the global games market, with more than 50% of the market share (Wijman, Reference Wijman2018). First, the existing reviews seldom incorporated null findings (i.e., lack of associations) or negative findings (i.e., inverse associations) from included studies even when the studies reported such findings. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 6(3). On 13 May, 2018, Ireland hosted the Three Ireland EStars League, an 8-week esports competition considered the first major esports tournament in Ireland (Cocking, Reference Cocking2018). Results indicated 90% of studies found lower ER to be associated with reports of greater video gaming or gambling disorder symptomology, with 13 studies (65%) reporting medium to large effect sizes. A highly rigorous systematic review that fully specifies outcome domains is needed to clarify the potential mental health problems associated with problematic technology behaviors, including video gaming and Internet use. In the latest (eleventh) beta draft edition of the World Health Organizationâs International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11), gaming disorder was included for the very first time under the heading of âDisorders due to substance use or addictive behavioursâ (World Health Organization, 2018). Resources, Recent research from treatment-seeking adolescents with gaming disorders has shown various different aetiological pathways into problematic gaming (Torres-Rodriguez et al., Reference Torres-RodrÃguez, Griffiths and Carbonell2018a, Reference Torres-RodrÃguez, Griffiths, Carbonell and Oberst2018b, Reference Torres-RodrÃguez, Griffiths, Carbonell, Farriols-Hernando and Torres-Jimenez2019). Six studies reported results that were not incorporated into any review; four of these had inconsistent or null findings. Kircaburun et al. What is eSports and why do people watch it? However, the same author (D. Gentile, Reference Gentile2009) and others (e.g. Candy Crush Saga, one of the most popular mobile social games, reports that 69% of people playing are female (Chen & Leung, Reference Chen and Leung2016). Internet gaming disorder does not qualify as a mental disorder Pravin Dullur and Vladan Starcevic Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2017 52 : 2 , 110-111 Feature Flags: { The consequences of internet gaming disorder. Internet Gaming Disorder Author: Chih-Hung Ko Journal: Current Addiction Reports Issue Date: 2014 Abstract(summary): Internet gaming is one of the most popular online leisure activities. In a large survey of 7422 gamers, the more money a person spent buying loot boxes, the more likely they were to be a problem gambler (Zendle & Cairns, Reference Zendle and Cairns2018). Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Data curation, The authors are grateful to Michael M. Hughes for assistance with the graphic design and formatting of figures for publication. Gamers can view gaming as a meaningful and purposeful activity and as a large part of their lives (Shi et al. An overview of structural characteristics in problematic video game playing. Some private specialist outpatient services and residential addiction centres offer treatment for gaming addiction in Ireland, but there are no dedicated services within the Irish mental health system. Gaming disorder has been described as an urgent public health problem and has garnered many systematic reviews of its associations with other health conditions. David Columb has no conflicts of interest to disclose. Selective reporting of outcomes can be hard to detect, and further research into the impact of selective inclusion of results in reviews is needed to advance the understanding of this form of bias on evidence synthesis [77,78]. Multiple standards have been developed for the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews [9]. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click A major difference between mobile gaming and traditional gaming is the increased availability of these games given the ubiquity and availability of mobile phones (Engl & Nacke, Reference Engl and Nacke2013). Ireland have decided against labelling loot boxes as a form of gambling, with the Department of Justice stating that it âdoes not have a role to regulate game developers on how their games work nor, in the offering of in-game purchasesâ (Irish Legal, Reference Zendle and Cairns2018). 2020. Resources, A second major concern is that reviews did not limit evidence synthesis and conclusions to studies that measured the construct of gaming disorder and at times used overly-broad definitions of depression and anxiety (e.g., combined depression, anxiety, and stress), which might have led to reports of associations between gaming disorder and depression or anxiety when none might exist. Methodology, The distinction between traditional gambling and âloot boxâ systems has come up frequently over the past year. Figs 5 and 6 report the positive and null associations for the depression and anxiety outcomes according to analysis type (bivariable/multivariable, cross-sectional, and longitudinal), their frequency of being incorporated into reviews, and how they are represented/reported in reviews (e.g., not reported, not eligible, report conflicts with outcomes). A systematic review of treatments for gaming disorder showed that there is a need for more evidence-based research (D. L. King et al., Reference King, Delfabbro, Wu, Doh, Kuss, Pallesen and Sakuma2017) although some recent studies have shown success among adolescents with IGD in Spain (Torres-RodrÃguez et al. The behaviour pattern needs to be of sufficient severity to result in significant clinical impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational, and/or other important areas of functioning. The characteristics of the seven included reviews are reported in Table 1. Reference Song, Park, Han, Roh, Son, Choi and Lee2016). Gaming disorder is more prevalent in males than females, with the total prevalence of gaming disorder ranging from anywhere between 0.7% to 27.5%, the disparity being most likely due to the methodological differences in each study including different sample populations, the use of different screening instruments, and different operationalisations of what constitutes problematic gaming (Mihara & Higuchi, Reference Mihara and Higuchi2017). There are many reasons why people engage in online gaming. Internet gaming disorder was included as a condition for further research in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) and the diagnosis of gaming disorder has been added to the 11th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) [1,2]. While this is a somewhat reductionist approach to summarizing results, it helps paint a picture. Full text views reflects PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views. To ensure that we evaluated this potential source of bias, we expanded the scope of our preregistered protocol to include examining study-level outcomes and how they were reported in reviews. Video games are age and gender friendly, very popular but like other pleasurable endeavors, can An exploratory study linking psychological factors to mobile social game addiction, Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry, A national survey of online gambling behaviours, Contextual influences on mobile player experienceâA game user experience model, The economics of free: Freemium games, branding and the impatience economy, Effect of playing violent video games cooperatively or competitively on subsequent cooperative behavior, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Internet gaming disorder: trends in prevalence 1998â2016, Pathological video-game use among youth ages 8 to 18: a national study, Pathological video game use among youths: a two-year longitudinal study, Association between internet gaming disorder or pathological video-game use and comorbid psychopathology: a comprehensive review, International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Psychobiology of the near-miss in fruit machine gambling, Online computer gaming: advice for parents and teachers, The role of context in online gaming excess and addiction: some case study evidence, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, The psychosocial impact of professional gambling, professional video gaming & eSports. These video gaming disorder articles could be a big help to you if you're trying to figure out if you, your child, your husband, your wife or another loved one have a gaming disorder (aka video gaming addiction, online gaming addiction). This definition, in turn, was informed by items identified from the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP), A Measurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR), and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) tools [9,22,23]. Internet Gaming Disorder and Its Relationships With Student Engagement and Academic Performance: 10.4018/IJCBPL.2020100102: Recently, the research community increased its investigations of the student engagement construct in association with learning and academic success. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) classified Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) as a condition warranting more clinical research ahead of formalizing it as a mental disorder. George, Sanju However, the three reviews that included this study and reported results for depression all reported them as positive [30,31,33]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240032.t001. Given the rise of online gaming and the recognition of gaming disorder as an addictive behaviour, there is a need for increased recognition of this disorder within the Irish healthcare system. No, Is the Subject Area "Medical risk factors" applicable to this article? Data extracted from the reviews included information on methods for specifying eligibility criteria and outcomes, specific measurements (e.g., scales) of depression and anxiety in included studies, analyses conducted, whether and how review authors assessed risk of bias in included studies, specific measurement (e.g., scales) of gaming disorder in included studies, and all items from the AMSTAR 2 tool. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240032.g002. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session 68: 1185 â 1195. These online game strategies play into the increased impulsivity seen in gaming disordered patients and are a likely contributor to the relationship between gaming disorder and ADHD found in young adults (Yen et al., Reference Yen, Liu, Wang, Chen, Yen and Ko2017). Finally, we conducted a full assessment of the quality of the included reviews using A Measurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews—version 2 (AMSTAR 2) [24]; the full results of this assessment are found in S1 Data Extraction. Gaming disorder is set to be included in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems alongside other behavioural addictions (gambling disorder) and substance-related addictions. Reference Park, Lee, Sohn and Han2016). Gaming has been shown to improve spatial awareness (Uttal et al., Reference Uttal, Meadow, Tipton, Hand, Alden, Warren and Newcombe2013), problem-solving skills (Prensky, Reference Prensky2012), mood (Russoniello & Parks, Reference Russoniello and Parks2009), and can help people acquire important prosocial skills in games requiring cooperation with other people (Ewoldsen et al., Reference Ewoldsen, Eno, Okdie, Velez, Guadagno and DeCoster2012). This increased accessibility has been seen as an important factor in other behavioural addictions such as gambling addiction (Columb & OâGara, 2017). People diagnosed with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) have been frequently reported to experience depression, anxiety, and hostility. The same finding has been found with players spending more money with chips compared to cash payments (Lapuz & Griffiths, Reference Lapuz and Griffiths2010). This book provides mental health clinicians with hands-on assessment, prevention, and treatment techniques for clients with problematic gaming behaviors and Internet gaming disorder. Why do players buy in-game content? Viewers can watch professional players play against each other in a variety of games such as MOBA games (League of Legends) or sports games (FIFA 19). Online gaming (playing video games via the internet), although considered a relatively new phenomenon, has been in existence since the early 1970s. These features mirror those of âInternet Gaming Disorderâ (IGD) in DSM-5, where it is included in the section âconditions for further studyâ (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Methodology, No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240032, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2017-10293-002&site=ehost-live&scope=site, https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/CASP-Systematic-Review-Checklist_2018.pdf, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2013-30916-004&site=ehost-live&scope=site, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2011-24261-006&site=ehost-live&scope=site, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2011-11090-003&site=ehost-live&scope=site, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2011-02644-006&site=ehost-live&scope=site, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2010-04134-016&site=ehost-live&scope=site, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2010-13062-011&site=ehost-live&scope=site, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209518/. Based on our definition for measurement of gaming disorder (Fig 3), no review focused only on studies that measured gaming disorder. Part of the success of contemporary online gaming is due to some of the psychological mechanisms (the so-called âstructural characteristicsâ) employed throughout these games, such as the utilisation of ânear-missesâ. Referral pathways need to be established to manage the current presentations of gaming disorder to our services with the goal of providing the most up-to-date and effective treatment options for these patients. Published online by Cambridge University Press: OâGara, Colin No, Is the Subject Area "Video games" applicable to this article? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240032.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240032.s002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240032.s003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240032.s004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240032.s005, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240032.s006. Often mobile games are designed for more casual players to easily enter and access the games (Engl & Nacke, Reference Engl and Nacke2013) and utilised by people âon-the-goâ, for example waiting for public transportation (Chen & Leung, Reference Chen and Leung2016). The popularity of esports is growing exponentially, with a worldwide audience size of 380 million in 2018 (Fuller, Reference Fuller2018). The pattern of gaming behavior may be continuous or epi-sodic and recurrent. Reference King, Delfabbro, Wu, Doh, Kuss, Pallesen and Sakuma2017). "peerReview": true, League of Legends) have seen a large increase in popularity, with video games like Fortnite hitting a peak of 3.4 million players concurrently online in August 2018 (Chalk, Reference Chalk2018). Calculable because not all reviews defined eligibility criteria for reliability which made comparisons difficult [ ]... 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